Germination
/ˌdʒɝməˈneɪʃən/
Definition
Germination is the biological process in which a seed resumes growth and begins developing into a seedling. It starts after the seed absorbs water and metabolic activity restarts, then the seed coat breaks and the embryonic root, called the radicle, emerges first. Unlike dormancy, germination describes active growth. It usually requires suitable moisture, oxygen, temperature, and, in some species, light or darkness.
Biological Role
- Start of independent growth: After germination, the embryo shifts from stored food reserves to active growth, producing the first root and shoot that establish the young plant.
- Environmental trigger response: Light, moisture, oxygen, and temperature often regulate germination, helping seeds begin growth only when conditions are favorable for survival.
- Seed dormancy link: Many species delay germination through dormancy, a built-in waiting period that prevents sprouting during cold, drought, or other unsuitable seasons.
- Value in propagation: In horticulture, successful germination is a key step in raising plants from seed, and uneven timing can affect spacing, transplanting, and early care.
Related Terms
Seed
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Seedling
Seedling refers to a very young plant that has developed from a seed after germination. It is the stage after the…
Radicle
Radicle refers to the embryonic root in a seed. It is the first part of the seedling to emerge during germination…
Plumule
Plumule refers to the embryonic shoot of a seedling, found within the seed above the cotyledons, or seed leaves. It…
True leaves
True leaves are the first leaves a seedling produces after the seed leaves, called cotyledons. They are a plant…
Stratification
Stratification is a seed treatment and natural biological process in which seeds are kept under specific moisture and…